Full article: Aspartame use and Parkinson's disease: review of associated effects on neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, and cognition HMP Shunt Pathway Steps, Regulation, Occurance and Significance Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Part 4 of 5) NADPH and Glutathione as Anti Oxidants Elevated glutathione levels may reflect an accumulation resulting from impaired recycling, often due to deficiencies in NADPH, selenium, or riboflavin (vitamin B2). This indicates a disruption in the redox balance rather than