Characterization of TMAO productivity from carnitine challenge facilitates personalized nutrition and microbiome signatures discovery Microbiome Springer Nature Link Higher Carnitine Levels are Associated with Subsequent Myocardial Infarctions in HIV Higher Carnitine Tied to Almost Quintupled MI Risk in People With HIV JCI Insight Aorta and liver generated TMAO enhances trained immunity for increased inflammation via ER stress mitochondrial ROS glycolysis pathways Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis